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The term for the government's compensation of owners at 50% of book value in a nationalized company is expropriation. This process typically occurs when a government takes possession of private property, often for utilitarian purposes such as infrastructure development or resource management. The term expropriation is specifically used in the context of compensating the owners for the loss of their assets, even if the compensation may not reflect the full market value of the property.

In this scenario, the mention of 50% of book value indicates a partial compensation approach by the government, which is indicative of expropriation rather than outright nationalization where a firm is completely taken over and running under government ownership without compensation concerns.

The other terms, while related to government involvement in economic activities, do not accurately describe the scenario of compensating owners at a specified percentage for nationalized assets. Consolidation typically refers to the merging of companies or assets, deregulation involves reducing government rules to increase competition, and nationalization implies a broader approach to state ownership of private enterprises without specifying compensation conditions.